![]() ![]() This is a powerful stimulus for the infant to start breathing. Blood CO 2 rises because it is now not removed by the placenta. ![]() The cardiovascular system must now adapt. Upon delivery, the umbilical cord is cut. Physiology: In utero, the placenta delivers oxygenated blood to the fetus through the umbilical vein. Tachycardia and tachypnea may be present during brief periods. This period can occur anywhere in the first 2 to 8 hours after birth and lasts anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours. The third stage marks the second period of reactivity. In the second stage, there is a decrease in responsiveness and motor activity which is often manifested as sleep. Crackles upon auscultation and irregular respirations are a normal finding. The first stage occurs in the first 30 minutes of life during this stage the infant is alert and responsive with heart rate peaking at 160-180 beats per minute and then stabilizes to a baseline rate of 100-120 beats per minute. These periods are divided into three stages. Newborns transitioning into extrauterine life will undergo periods of reactivity. Scoring ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating severe neonatal distress and 10 indicating a smooth transition to extrauterine life. Apgar scoring is performed one minute and five minutes after birth. It consists of the assessment of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and generalized skin color. ![]() The apgar scale is an assessment performed immediately following birth. The outside environment is a drastic change for the neonate, therefore the neonate must be assessed frequently and thoroughly. This is true for all viviparous animals this article discusses humans as the most-researched example. Upon its entry to the air-breathing world, the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus. At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother. ![]()
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